Female Figures The Epic Of Gilgamesh - 1863 Words

Female figures provide a rebirth for heroes such as Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh within a domestic context through their wisdom in general persuasion, caring personalities, and sophisticated sexuality. In this essay, I discussed two different ways in which female figures civilize: female figures instill into male figures new mentality and fresh understanding of their present lives; they also use their physical beauty to introduce heroes to sophisticated aspects of society, such as food, music, and fertility. While Siduri brings Gilgamesh back to life from his despondence after his severe grievance over his loss of Enkidu, Shamhat’s beauty and sophisticated sexualilty transformed Enkidu from his wilderness. Even though female figures employ different ways in order to civilize these epic heroes, they don’t go beyond the roles of women in their society. Gilgamesh enters into a garden by the sea-shore after he successfully passes through the passage under t he twin-peaked mountain. There he encounters Siduri, a wise old goddess who resides in the garden. Gilgamesh explains to Siduri that the death of his closest friend Enkidu has imposed on him grievances that he finds hard to distract himself from. Siduri first asks him to acknowledge the fact that all lives of the mankind are mortal by telling him that â€Å"the life that [he] seek[s] [he] never will find†(The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Ishchali Tablet iii. 1),suggesting that immortality is almost too highShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh And Odyssey Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesin the famous epic poems, the Epic of Gilgamesh of the Sumerians and Akkadians and the Odyssey from Homer of the Greeks. We all can agree that these epic poems or at most the authors did not view women with our modern perspective – equality among gender. However, we cannot deny that female characters helped set the path of the epic heroes’ journey to their goals. In the se epic poems, women are portrayed as figures and themes of knowledge, motherhood, seduction. These themes and figures are shaped throughRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Struggle For Women1183 Words   |  5 Pagesall aspects of life. The Epic of Gilgamesh contains some of the oldest recorded accounts of the roles of women and their importance in a functional society. Women have been viewed as anything from goddesses to unwanted servants throughout history, regardless of a variety of changes in rulers, religions, and time periods. The Epic of Gilgamesh might lead one to consider the roles of women small and insignificant compared to the man s role. In fact, throughout the epic tale, three women; ShamhatRead MoreGender Inequality In Gilgamesh Essay1339 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral ancient societies up to modern day societies. In Gilgamesh, male characters are emphasized much more than female characters, however, the female characters are crucial in the epic as they help to dri ve the plot forward through their actions. Despite the constant presence of gender roles throughout history, the women of Gilgamesh challenge the very existence of gender inequality, exposing their diverse roles and power in the epic to represent that women can be very influential. This abandonmentRead MoreThe role of women in The Epic of Gilgamesh1552 Words   |  7 Pagesrole of women is a very important topic in The Epic of Gilgamesh, and various women are chosen to represent various aspects of the mesopotamian conception of women. In the ancient times males were inessential to the preservation of life. The Epic of Gilgamesh shows how the inability of males to give birth causes a sense of despair and alienation. While the representation of women might seem confusing at first with its wide range of traits, the epic tries to demonstrate all aspects of women, someRead MoreEssay on Love in the Epic of Gilgamesh and Genesis 992 Words   |  4 PagesAt an early point in history, The Epic of Gilgamesh and the story of Genesis were two texts that set the framework of the entire world. They were two epics that established the foundations of religion, literature, and all other standards that were followed by every category of people. Both texts entice the audience through antique language, and the stories of epic heroes and immortal gods. Sin-Leqi-Unninni and the many writers of the Bible use love as their central theme, yet it unfolds as havingRead MoreEssay about The Role of Women in the Epic of Gilgamesh1125 Words   |  5 Pagesstrange today as it may have back in 2500 B.C.E., an age when people tell stories of the Great King of Uruk--Gilgamesh. Although the story of â€Å"Gilgamesh† revolves around themes of masculinity and brotherhood--with its male prerogative, its composers develop several strong female characters which suggest women have great influence in a male-dominated, Mesopotamian society. The first female character that influences a man is the prostitute. She is left at the spring by the hunter so that she can sleepRead MoreA Long Narrative Poem That Is About Heroic Deeds And A1631 Words   |  7 Pagesculture and person who wrote it is an epic poem. A great deal of writers use epic poems to tell the tales and quest of heroes. It played a crucial part in the Epic of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia because it recorded the epic deeds of heroes and their culture. The epic of Gilgamesh meets the criteria of an epic poem because the plot centers on the hero of unbelievable stature, it has a wild setting, and it in involves supernatural and godly forces. The epic poem of Gilgamesh plot centers on the hero of UnbelievableRead MoreWomen of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Gilgamesh and The Odyssey Although men are the Epic characters of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey, women also play a very important role in both stories. In general, these two stories portray women as being overly sexual, deceptive, and having a power over men. Women use their sexuality to hold control over men, to confuse and deceive them. One example of a female character using her sexuality to control a male character is Shamhat in her relations with Enkidu in Tablet I of Gilgamesh. ShamhatRead MoreGilgamesh And The Epic Of Gilgamesh1458 Words   |  6 PagesGilgamesh or the Epic of Gilgamesh is and primary historical source and is one of the world’s oldest stories, which provides a tremendous amount of insight into ancient Sumerian culture, beliefs, and gender roles. Even though the story is considered a work of fiction, there are some sources that say the Gilgamesh is based on an actual historical figure, the fifth king of Uruk. The themes presented in Gilgamesh love, death, the bonds between people, and religion are timeless aspects of human natureRead More The Influence of Women in Epic of Gilgamesh Essay580 Words   |  3 Pagesof Women in Epic of Gilgamesh Gilgamesh can be viewed as a writing that describes the social scene of the times it was written in. The characters of Enkidu and Gilgamesh are strong males. The roles of women in Gilgamesh are submissive and subtle. Women in this ancient Sumerian tale tend to be passive, but capable of influencing the outcome of events. Enkidu is a mighty force to confront. He is so strong that he is seen as a wild animal in his first appearances in the book. Gilgamesh is as strong

unit 302 - Evaluate and improve own performance in a...

Evaluate and Improve own Performance in a Business Environment Unit 302 1.1 The purpose of continuously improving your own performance is business is to help improve the overall performance of the business. This will also improve your own job satisfaction and overall employability. There are three main ways you can improve your own performance. The first is to set aside time with a good manager, who can assess your work and give you advice on how to complete that piece of work. This can be in a formal one to one meeting, where your whole performance is reviewed, or this could be an informal chat at your desk about a specific piece of work. The second way of improving your own performance is to have an experienced colleague†¦show more content†¦1.4 Once you have identified an area of your work that you are not happy with, it is important to think of and apply possible improvements. These improvements should comply with the current organisation polices and should not obstruct the work of others. The purpose of testing possible improvements to your work is to make yourself more effective and to improve the overall performance of the organisation. Testing these improvements will give you an idea of how they will fit into your day to day tasks and affect your performance. Once the improvements have been tested, you can amend the current procedures to ensure you become more effective and efficient. 1.5 Learning and development is normally part of the appraisal system, but can also be offered and encouraged throughout the whole organisation. The main purpose of learning and development is to improve your standard of work. This can be in the form of training which can either be formal education or training on the job and can be an in-house training program or an external training course. The organisation can benefit from individual learning and development because when members of staff leave, the organisation will have in-house replacements ready to fill essential job roles, ensuring they continue to run efficiently. Learning and development can also help individuals plan future career plans and open more career opportunities for themselves. 1.6 The progression route for myShow MoreRelatedMgmt 302 Final Essay1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Lauren Hodge-Clark Prof. McMahon MGMT 302-11 8 December 2014 Final Exam 1. What is the difference between downward communication and upward communication?   What is the primary purpose of each?  Is lateral communication any different? Downward communication- the transmission of information from manager to subordinate. Purpose-is to convey orders and information managers use to let their people know what it is that needs to be done and how well they are doing. 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Analysis of Communication Crisis at Domino

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Communication Crisis at Domino. Answer: Introduction The report would highlight a major communication crisis in the popular company Dominos. The analysis would give a clear picture how the company handled the issue by understanding the problem first and taking its time for the action plan. The discussion would revolve around the companys strategies to resolve the problem by identifying the source of the issue and then addressing it tactfully. Dominos: Company Profile Dominos Inc. is a US based restaurant chain which is known for selling pizzas across the world. The vision of the company is to Be the number one Pizza Company in the world and in every neighborhood (Dominos, 2016). Dominos offers variety of pizzas to its customers such as chicken fajita, creamy prawn and hollandaise, creamy chicken carbonara, tandoori chicken, peri peri chicken and others (Dominos Australia, 2016). Dominos has established around eight thousand and seven hundred stores across fifty countries (approximately) through its licensing based model (Smith, 2009). The company has developed its reputation of one of the trusted brand through its door to door services and effective marketing strategies. Dominos has established effective distribution system of food though strategically partnering with the suppliers (Smith, 2009). Business Incident Analysis Dominos Pizza went through its infamous publicity of food adulteration in the year 2009 and faced a viral crisis. The two employees of the company posted a video of the dominos kitchen online which became viral with the power of social media (Clifford, 2009). The public was outraged after watching the disgusted video in which health-code standards were violated in the kitchen of Dominos (Jacques, 2009). The viral video tarnished the image of the company through negative publicity and degraded its perception of quality among the public. There were several apologies and statements given by the company but it did not work because the crowd was not ready to hear anything (Young and Flowers, 2012). The crisis was publicized by journalists and bloggers during the entire event. The filmed video of the kitchen, which was posted online by the two company employees Hammonds and Setzer, damaged public relation of the Dominos by publicizing that the company does not abide by the health code and standards while preparing the food (Young and Flowers, 2012). The employees were sneezing on the mozzarella cheese which was an unethical practice and degraded the quality perception of Dominos (Clifford, 2009). Public relation is a method through which an organization communicates with the target audience to develop a relationship with its customers (Bernays, 2013). The company thrives hard to develop and maintain its brand image among the consumers. Public relation can be built and maintained through newsletters, internet, television and other forms of media. PR is generally used as a marketing strategy by the firms to create new customers and retain the existing customers through differentiating and positioning strategy. PR strategy is used to create a positive image of companys products and services to influence the minds of consumers to buy their products and services. Dominos has very strategically positioned itself for its delicious, quality and healthy food in the minds of the consumers. It reinvents its products to meet the demands and requirements of the customers. Its specialty chicken pizza was a great hit in Australia and witnessed huge product sale at Dominos outlet. Its other innovated products include sandwiches, pastas and other dishes (Lutz, 2015). Further, its door to door delivery and quick services have reconnected the company with its consumer base. The company consistently launches new schemes and offers to maintain its grip on its existing customers and maintain its public relations. The company has integrated the latest digital practices within its process to achieve the highest level of customer satisfaction (Pierce, 2015). Implications of the Incidence The video damaged the public relations of Dominos with its external customers and affected the sales of Dominos. The quality of the Dominos was under scrutiny and people were asking for the justification of the same. The public became very angry with the video and felt cheated with the fact that the Dominos was offering adulterated food to them (Gregory, 2009). Dominos immediately fired its employees who filmed and posted the video online and they were charged with the allegation of distributing prohibited foods (Daily Mail, 2009). Communication Crisis Emergence of social media tools network have changed the method of interaction between a company and its stakeholders. The companies have started maintaining their social media profile and other updates on the social media networks such as facebook, twitter, youtube and other networks. The company has adopted the methods of blogging, emailing and posting on social media networks for the corporate communication. Corporate communication is used by the company to impart a message to the stakeholders of the company to maintain its credibility. It helps to develop long term relationship with its customers by creating trust amongst them (Cornelissen, 2008). During the viral crisis, when the people were supposed to be listening to the company, they were blogging, e-mailing and publicizing the negative image of the company. The users of the YouTube have engaged themselves so much into the medium that they are affected by every single activity of youtube. The video which got viral on YouTube had a very adverse impact on the public because of its great number of users. Social media network is equally used by the companies to connect to its customer base by enhancing their reputation and brand image. Dominos Vice President of Corporate Communications, Mr Tim Mcintyre, analyzed the entire situation to take some action by communicating internally and externally. He identified the people who posted this video online to take legal action against them. The employees were fired and convicted by the Dominos (Daily Mail, 2009). The first response of the company was an apology by the President Patrick Doyle which was recorded and uploaded on YouTube. Dominos was hugely criticized by the journalists and bloggers. During a communication crisis, the action suggested by Arthur W. Page Society (a public relations organization), are as follows: Truth telling Providing proof by action Understanding and listening to the customer Future Management Reviewing the public relations People management Maintain calmness Truth telling helps to normalize the situation by calming the customer or at least stop them from negatively publicizing. The Vice President of Corporate Communication department tried to convey the message that the two individual filmed in the video do not represent the company and the brand. The companys President Patrick Doyle tried to communicate the message that Dominos is being sorry despite the fact that the company did not do it. The apology was a method to earn the interest of the people back. Though in order to be honest and open the Dominos should have been taken responsibility. On the other hand, being responsible could have exposed the company to legal vulnerabilities. Dominos collaborated with the watch dog organization and other local authorities to minimize the consequences of the event. Dominos took the time to respond on order to not to fuel the audience which led to the viral of video and the people began to question the integrity of the firm. The Dominos had to postpone its social media plan because of the viral video event which was a huge decision for the company and affected its entire event chain. Though, the company launched its social media plan later when forced by the circumstances. Dominos Campaign The steps taken by the Dominos to handle the crisis and calm the customers are as follows: Identified the source of problem The companys first step to deal with the situation was to identify the source of the problem by investigating the video. The two faces of the video were recognized by the company by sending a message across all the stores and outlets of Dominos. Once the identity of the individuals was revealed, the owner of the store was asked to fire them (Smith, 2009). Further, the company charged the culprits with an allegation of distributing prohibited food to the customers (Daily Mail, 2009). Removing the video from the internet The company immediately called the YouTube to remove the video from the internet because it spoiled companys reputation and its brand name. YouTube replied that the video could only be removed at the request of copyright owner and the lady who recorded the video of her colleague had the right to make a request (Smith, 2009). The company then contacted the lady who was convicted of food adulteration charges and was sent to jail. She was asked by the company executive to give the right to YouTube to remove the video from the internet. The lady signed the letter after consulting with her lawyer and the video was removed from the internet. Clarifying the public questions The company moved with the strategy to not to make any public announcement to prevent the video from getting viral because a public announcement would alarm each and every person who are not even aware of the incident. The company clarified to those people who already viewed the video on YouTube. The company entered the forums or discussions of the people who were discussing about the event where it tried to defend itself by saying that the company is victim and not the culprit and is struggling to resolve the problem (Smith, 2009). Later, when Dominos realized that the news was spreading like a fire, the company posted a video on its official website to clarify the issue. Fighting fire with fire Dominos handled the situation very calmly and patiently by posting its own video on YouTube 3 days after the incident. The companys President Patrick Doyle apologized the audience for such a disgusting incident through the video. He tried to convince the people that Dominos would never let such an incident happen because it prioritizes its customers trust above the rest (Smith, 2009). The issue was addressed very calmly and sincerely so that people listen to the President Doyle. The company strategically used the word disgusting so that the videos ranking gets above the original video. The video was marketed by posting the links on Twitter and Facebook. Learning Outcomes The overall strategy used by Dominos was good enough to handle the audience, but the incident has a great impact on the brand image of Dominos and the company had to invest money and manpower to resolve the crisis. A small mistake by the employees of the company triggered the anger of the audience and social media played a great role in spreading the news. Lesson to be learned from the case study is that a communication crisis is developed as a result of situational communication crisis and integrated social media. A communication crisis triggers the anger of stakeholders and questions the integrity of the company. This affects the strategy of the organization to minimize the impact of the crisis on the reputation of the company (Young and Flowers, 2012). In the Dominos case, the social media played a great role to build strategy to calm down the users of YouTube who were outrageous after watching the disgusting video posted by an employee of the company. Integrating social media with the communication crisis strategies was the only methodology that the company could deploy (Young and Flowers, 2012). Thus, a communication crisis needs to be handled very calmly and patiently as demonstrated by the case study of Dominos. Conclusion The report has successfully discussed and analyzed the communication crisis of Dominos by evaluating the key factors that led to the crisis. Dominos has maintained its brand image and reputation throughout the years and one video tarnished the image of the company and instilled anger among the public. The video was posted by two of the company employees who were fired and convicted by the company. The video got viral through social media and the public began to question the ethical practices of the company by writing blogs and articles to get some response from the company. Dominos handled the situation very calmly and patiently by identifying the source of the problem and then addressing the public when it was required. The company postponed its social media plans in order to focus on the crisis. The Dominos took the decision to remove the video from YouTube and posted an apology from behalf of the companys President to calm down the audience. References Bernays, E.L. (2013). Public Relations. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. Clifford, S. (2009). Video Prank at Dominos Taints Brand. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/business/media/16dominos.html [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Cornelissen, J. (2008). Corporate Communication:A Guide to Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Daily Mail. (2009). Domino's Pizza workers who filmed revolting video of themselves abusing takeaway food are charged by police. Daily Mail. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1169881/Dominos-Pizza-workers-filmed-revolting-video-abusing-takeaway-food-charged-police.html [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Dominos Australia. (2016). Dominos Corporate. Dominos Australia. Available at: https://www.dominos.com.au/inside-dominos/corporate [Accessed Online: 23 Jan 2017]. Gregory, S. (2009). Domino's YouTube Crisis: 5 Ways to Fight Back. TIME. Available at: https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1892389,00.html [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Jacques, A. (2009). Dominos Delivers During Crisis: The Companys Step-by-Step Response After a Vulgar Video Goes Viral. Public Relations Society of America. Available at: https://apps.prsa.org/intelligence/TheStrategist/Articles/view/8226/102/Domino_s_Delivers_During_Crisis_The_Company_s_Step#.WIXn7lV97IU [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Lutz, A. (2015). Domino's made 3 changes to become the world's top pizza chain. Business Insider Australia. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/dominos-turnaround-strategy-2015-4 [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Pierce, F. (2015). How Domino's is setting the standard in marketing and customer satisfaction. Australia Business Review. Available at: https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/marketing/1793/How-Domino's-is-setting-the-standard-in-marketing-and-customer-satisfaction [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Smith, K. (2009). Case Study: How Domino's Managed a Viral Video Nightmare. Marketing Profs. Available at: https://www.marketingprofs.com/casestudy/2009/9394/how-dominos-managed-a-viral-video-nightmare [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017]. Young, C.L., and Flowers, A. (2012). Fight Viral with Viral: A Case Study of Dominos Pizzas Crisis Communication Strategies. Case Studies in Strategic Communication, Vol 1, article 6. Available at: https://cssc.uscannenberg.org/cases/v1/v1art6/ [Accessed Online 23 Jan 2017].

Wetland Policy Essay Example For Students

Wetland Policy Essay IntroductionThe issue of wetland conservation and policy has long been an issue of controversy among interest groups and industry. When observing the number of endangered or threatened species that inhabit wetlands it is apparent that there is a pressing need to conserve them, especially when the leading cause of species loss is habitat destruction (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). There is currently in place a system of policies and laws which culminate to create a relatively effective means of enforcement, however, through the lack of a single Act which pertains to wetlands there continues to be inadequacies within the system. Though the federal government has released the Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation it is not admissible in court and therefore only stands as recommendations by which the government would like the public to abide. The vastly different types of wetlands located through out B.C. create many difficulties in the creation of a single policy, however, if there was a broad based Act which was committed to the current federal policy of ?no net loss of wetlands? it would eliminate the need for overlapping laws at the three levels of government. What Designates an Area as a WetlandA wetland can be described in many ways, most of which provide a great deal of vagueness in the distinction between the different classifications as these areas frequently fit into more than one grouping within a very small space. There are basic traits which all wetlands share, in that they are any land which is covered in less than six meters of water at low tide (if tidal) for all or part of the year (Zoltai, 1988), this description includes freshwater wetlands such as shallow ponds, marshes, peat bogs, swamps and fens, as well as saltwater wetlands such as tidal flats, saltwater marshes, eelgrass beds, estuaries and deltas (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). With such a broad range of fertile lands included in this description it is no surprise that they maintain such a high level of biodiversity. This description is however the most basic possible, in that it only allows for a general identification of wetlands, rather than classifying them by type or by the systems to which they are a part of. Nowlan and Jeffries (1996) group wetlands into five categories in accordance with their parent systems: Marine, non-estuary saltwater wetlands; Estuarine, wetlands around the mouth of a river; Lacustrine, wetlands connected to lakes; Riverine, wetlands connected to rivers; Palustrine, marshy wetlands. This method if classification is most effective when viewing wetlands from a policy perspective as it allows for them to be classified as distinctly as possible. Zoltai, in Wetlands of Canada (1988) uses over sixty very specific descriptions for the different types of wetlands in Canada, the problem with this being that the traits of wetlands may change from season to season and within small geographic areas. There is a consensus that the coastal wetlands of the P acific are of the greatest ecological significance in the field of biodiversity; as they never freeze and are therefore able to provide year round habitat for fish and wildlife (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). Significance of WetlandsWetlands have an anthropocentric value which has long been looked over in the development of society, in that they have traditionally been though of as barren wastelands which have no value to humans and therefore have been used as dumping grounds (Schiller and Flanagan, 1997). This ?pioneer mentality? has lead to the paradigm that wetlands are only impeding urban development and that they are indeed useless because they have no immediate or apparent cash value. The truth however, is quite the contrary. Clean water, which is essential to all life, when extracted for consumption by cities and towns, can be attributed to wetlands (Schiller and Flanagan, 1997). Through natural breakdown and retention of toxins in effluents, wetlands are able to filter solid wa stes as well as industrial wastes containing heavy metals; ensuring that they do not harm human populations or other ecosystems. In low-lying areas that are prone to flooding wetlands play a crucial role in ensuring that civilizations are not destroyed, by acting as a sponge, wetlands are able to absorb large amounts of water and slowly release it into the water table, therefore averting any ill effects that may be caused by heavy rains or spring thawing. This is a cost effective alternative to the commonly used system of dykes and levies, which is expensive and labor intensive. If managed effectively and in an integrated manner wetlands can provide many natural products such as fish, timber and fur that can add revenue and create jobs in a local economy. The preservation of wetlands near densely populated areas creates opportunities for outdoor recreation that citizens may not otherwise be exposed to, creating intrinsic social values which perpetuate the current movement towards fu rther preservation of wilderness areas, namely wetlands (Schiller and Flanagan, 1997). Through creating a resource which benefits everyone and everything around it, preserving wetlands helps the public to learn more about this unique and diverse ecosystem. Once it can be illustrated that wetlands provide a greater net benefit to a community than the developed land, it is much easier to convince them that they are worth preserving, this again helps to further perpetuate a paradigm that wetlands are indeed vital to all forms of life. Federal Policies and LawsIn 1996, the Canadian government released its Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, to which the government requested that industry and land developers adhere. This however was merely a means for the Federal government to please both industry and interest groups without actually making a commitment to propose legislation on the matter (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). Under this policy the government states that it would like to see a goal of ?no net loss? of wetland habitat be adopted by the private sector, similar to the ?no net loss? of fish habitat which is legislated under the Federal Fisheries Act. Though the recommendations stated within the policy are not prosecutable, they are admissible as evidence in conjunction with any section of a Federal Act that pertains to wetlands, as proof that due diligence was not provided. This makes the policy slightly more effective than if it were the lone policy tool. This policy can be seen as a small victory for interest groups that have been lobbying for legislation on wetland protection, however, there is much more to be done before the Federal government will commit to legislation on the matter (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). We will write a custom essay on Wetland Policy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Federal Fisheries ActThe Federal Fisheries Act is legislation intended to protect fish habitat in order to maintain the revenue generated by the fishing industry, and therefore it does not intentionally protect wetlands, in fact there are many wetlands that are not protected by the Fisheries Act. Despite its lack of enforceability in some areas, the Act can be seen as the most effective policy tool in the crusade to protect wetlands, due to its solid legal history and the wide range of players that are active in its enforcement. The sections of the Act which pertain to deleterious actions to fish habitat are 35 and 36, contained with in these sections are sparsely worded definitions of violations which would involve investigation or prosecution under section 37. Section 35 contains an encompassing statement which generally prohibits any alteration of fish habitat. However, there is also a provision in this section which allows the Department of Fisheries and Oceans to authorize projects which may be viewed as damaging to habitat on the basis of the ?no net loss? principle, in that if there is damage being done to one habitat, new habitat must be created in another area in order to compensate. The statements in section 36 cover the environmental effects which are most often generated by industry. The statements in this pertain to pollution, by prohibiting the discharge or deposit of any substance, which is toxic to fish, either directly or indirectly into an area which fish inhabit for all or part of the year ; this is the section under which most prosecutions are made. The broad scope of these sections allows them to be applicable to many different situations. .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .postImageUrl , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:hover , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:visited , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:active { border:0!important; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:active , .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54 .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05d768d73e7d9b8b0075f7aa27681b54:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Managerial Business Plan Of Crystal Pierson EssayThe means of enforcing this legislation are outlined in section 37; this section gives the Minister in charge control over the proceedings and investigations of any violations. Provisions are made in this section so that DFO is able to request the plans and specifications of any project which may be in violation of section 35 or 36 in order to begin an investigation. These investigations may be carried out by any number of agencies including: provincially, the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Forests, and federal departments such as DFO, Environment Canada, the Coast Guard, and Transport Canada among others. Officials from any of these agencies are able to pursue investigations and from there the Crown is able to decide whether or not to prosecute, however, under the Act it is possible for any citizen or group to press charges. When charges are initiated by a private party, it is the Provinces discretion to take over or dismiss the case, making the clause somewhat futile. Under this system there are two factors which influence the Provinces decision on whether or not to lay charges under this or any other act: the prospect of a conviction and public interest. Section 41 of the Act states that the Attorney General may request an injunction to stop work if any violation of the Act occurs on a given project, this is in order to prevent any further damage from occurring while the proceedings are taking place. Though the Fisheries Act is the most powerful policy tool that exists in the protection of wetlands, it does have positive and negative aspects to it. The main drawback to this legislation is that it only applies to wetlands that are considered fish habitat, and therefore it does not protect most bogs, swamps or fens. Also, the prosecution mechanism is flawed in that in order for a party to be charged it must be proven by the Crown that due diligence was not provided. As is inherent with almost all legislations, the Act is reactive rather than proactive, meaning that no action can be done until a violation occurs, at which point the damage has already been done (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). The Canadian Environmental Assessment ActThe CEAA applies to land development when any federal department or agency proposes a project, provides funding or land for a project, or performs a regulatory duty (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). However, the Act does not apply to Crown corporations, as they operate under their own internal regulations when assessments are required. When an assessment for a project is required there are four degrees of intensity provided for in the Act, which depend on scale and location, and that are implemented by the ?Responsible Authority?. Screening, which is the minimalist approach, documents the environmental effects of a project and makes suggestions based on these observations; this provides for an economical overview of impacts and provides a basis for further assessment. Class Screening, applies to an entire class of actions which may be occurring in more than one area or at a later date, this allows the findings to be archived, providing for minimal duplication amongst agencies for similar projects and actions. When a serious environmental threat is present a Comprehensive Study is performed, this type of assessment is associated with projects such as hydroelectric dams and pulp mills, these projects have a special provision under the Act that lists them and mandates that a Comprehensive Study be undertaken. A Comprehensive Study is one in which an in depth analysis is performed; this is generally needed for a prosecution under the Act to occur (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). In the case of a politically sensitive infraction a Mediation or Panel Review by an independent entity is carried out, this assessment is generally the most intensive in order to provide clear and concise evidence as to the scope of current and future impacts. This type of assessment may be ordered by the Minister of the Environment or by the Minister of the ?Responsible Authority? as a scapegoat to alleviate political pressure on the Government, a provision which is clearly to the governments benefit. There are other areas which are covered by the Act as well, section 10 of the Act states that before any funding is allocated to a First Nations group for a development an environmental impact assessment must first be completed. The CEAA provides formal legislation that sets out when and where an environmental impact assessment must be performed. The Act has one provision of questionable validity in that it allows the Minister of the ?Responsible Authority? to decide on whether or not there should be a hearing to poll public concern on the issue, which means that if there is little public concern there may only be a minimal assessment done, regardless of the severity of the impacts associated with the project. Other Federal ActsAs is becoming apparent there are numerous Acts and Laws which pertain to wetland conservation. The Canadian Wildlife Act, provides land managers with the ability to create and administrate National Wildlife Areas which are a vital tool in the steps towards the effective preservation of habitat for endangered species. The Migratory Birds Convention Act, allowed the government to create bird sanctuaries under international support, which in turn preserved wetlands for all species under the umbrella of migratory bird habitat. Provincial Laws The Water ActIn the regulation of bodies of freshwater the Water Act is the legislation that pertains to their use. In this, the Act regulates any activities that are around water or have to do with water withdrawal for export or otherwise. These regulations are enforced by the Water Management Branch, in that the branch must authorize all changes to natural watercourses, diversion, storage and the usage of freshwater from natural sources, through the issuance of licenses, permits and approvals. Section 7 of the Act sets out regulations for water quality and habitat preservation, as well as requiring that all parties involved in any actions which alter a water body abide by conditions placed upon these actions by Ministry of Environment or Department of Fisheries and Oceans Officers. As legislation the penalties that can be implemented under the Act are quite stringent; up to $200 000/day or 12 months in Prison maximum penalty. This allows for effective and influential prosecutions to occur. The Wildlife ActThe Wildlife Act has a minimal effect in the conservation of wetlands, in that it is only effective when one or more of a limited number of designated endangered species is affected. Though, through provisions made in the Act there is the possibility for it to be an effective policy tool. Section 3 of the Act allows the Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MELP) to acquire and administer land as reserves or to enter into an agreement with an interest group who under guidance from MELP may administer the land. As well this section allows the Minister to designate lands under his/her control as Wildlife Management Areas, the primary function of this is to create sanctuaries for migratory birds. This protection for birds however does not encompass plants, invertebrates or fish; making it, in the absence of an endangered species act, somewhat futile. Sections 6 and 7 provide another conservation scapegoat for the government in that they use terms such as ?may? to describe the designation of endangered species, as there is no formal Act; currently there are only 4 species which are legally designated as endangered in B.C., making the Act essentially useless except at the discretion of the Minister. .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .postImageUrl , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:hover , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:visited , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:active { border:0!important; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:active , .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2 .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc606e8b50bf870528a511c8f4f5cacb2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Cultural Identity EssayWith the infrequency that the Act is used to protect habitat there is very little that effective action that is taken under this act, surprising when one considers the fact that habitat loss is the single most significant factor affecting species loss (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). The Waste Management ActThis Act is the main pollution control law in the province in that it contains broadly based legislation against the introduction of waste into any non-designated area without a permit. In the Act, there are numerous offences and penalties which are clearly outlined in section 34; making prosecution under the Act relatively easy. Section 6 outlines an automatic penalty for littering which may be enforced by any ?Responsible Authority?, section 7 contains an automatic offence for discharging waste from a recreational vehicle. This type of automatic offence provides laws which are aimed at stopping onetime point source pollution such as dumping and illegal black water discharge. Under sections 22 and 23 of the Act a Manager is able to pass a judgment as to whether a substance is causing pollution and on this judgment may order the parties involved to reduce or abate the pollution. When there is a competent Manager present this is an effective means of halting de leterious actions, however, section 26 allows for the appeal of any decision passed by a Manager to be proposed by any party involved. Through mandating the report of any spill or escape of deleterious substances the Act is effective in stopping pollution of wetlands. The Provincial Environmental Assessment ActThe Provincial version of the Environmental Assessment Act was passed in 1995, making it newer and more streamlined that of the Federal government and applicable to provincial projects. The Act provides benefits which the CEAA is lacking, in that it depends more on public input and provides a registry of projects for which assessments have been completed. The Act provides for public input when: applications for projects are received, drafts of project reports are being prepared, reports are filed, when the draft terms of reference for a public hearing are prepared, and during the public hearing itself (Nowlan and Jeffries, 1996). These opportunities for involvement allow the agency performing the assessment to gauge the public interest in a particular issue, which determines the need for prosecution and remediation should an environmental threat be detected. The project registry provided by the Act provides: a list of projects currently unde r review, an index of all the records for each project, and all important documents and decisions that were involved in the process. This acts much like a class screening in the CEAA, but is more comprehensive, in that it allows past cases to be admissible as evidence that due diligence was not provided in prosecutions. Though wetlands are not specifically mentioned under the Act, it is implicit that wetlands are included, as the Act pertains to any project which is hazardous to the environment, making this an important piece of legislation in wetland cases. The British Columbia Forest Practices CodeAs the majority of space in B.C. is forested Crown land the Forest Practices Code provides essential protection for the wetlands that are contained within this area. By regulating the space allowances around wetlands the Code is able to provide a reasonable amount of protection for all wetlands in its jurisdiction, the width of this area varies with the classification of a given wetland according to its sensitivity. The Riparian Management Area guidebook states the objectives that the Code has as it pertains to Riparian areas; the main objectives of the riparian provisions in the Code are: to minimize or prevent impacts created by forest practices on aquatic ecosystems and to preserve any wetland wildlife habitat that is of high intrinsic value. As it is legislated that all Forest companies adhere to the Code, it is frequently used in prosecutions, though its enforcement is generally reactive rather than proactive. Other Provincial LawsThe Land Act regulates the distribution of Crown land; this is can be beneficial to wetland conservation if a responsible Minister is in office. Through careful distribution of lands to groups that are environmentally responsible a great deal of damaging environmental effects can be averted. The most beneficial Provincial legislation in outright protection of wetlands is the Park Act, by designating an area as a provincial park development is thwarted and any actions that occur on that land are subject to strict regulation, which essentially eliminates the possibility of intentional habitat loss, though no legislation can foresee accidents. Municipal Laws and Bylaws Through the provincial Municipal Act, municipalities are given the authority to deal with wetland loss on an individual case basis by the creation of appropriate bylaws and zoning regulations. Section 945 of the Act allows local government to make a community plan which designates areas for wetland conservation. This has grand implications for the conservation of local wetlands, under this section the municipality has the power to create buffer zones around fragile wetlands, as well they may create bylaws which pertain to tree cutting, flood prevention, drainage and soil removal, among others. Section 963 allows for the creation of zoning to regulate land usage, this may be used to shift population densities away from sensitive areas. ConclusionEach of the Policies and Acts which pertain to wetlands at the three levels of government has positive and negative attributes which must be considered by Agencies when a prosecution is sought. At the Federal level th e Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation can be described as a weak attempt at creating a solid legislation that pertains to wetlands. Though there is no wetland legislation currently in place, the culmination of the sections of Federal Acts which pertain to wetlands currently provide the strongest basis for pursuing prosecutions. The legislation at the provincial level is effective in providing for protection of Crown land or not located near an urban area. Due to their flexibility, provisions made by municipalities under the Municipal Act could be the most effective in conserving wetlands, in that they are able to create zoning in sensitive areas to prevent development. The downfall of Municipal bylaws is that they are not legally forceful enough to be effective against large corporations. Currently the most effective means of preserving wetlands is either to have them designated a provincial park under the Park Act or to have private ownership granted to an interest group either by land allocation or through purchasing the land. It is evident through examining the wide range of policy tools involved in the control of damage to wetlands that there needs to be a Federal legislation enacted. If there were to be a complete legislation at the federal level that pertained to wetlands, it would eliminate any vagueness that exists with the current system of using many Acts when pursuing a prosecution. As well, within a short time there could be a large registry to be used as precedence in court cases for future prosecutions. From the observations made herein it is clear that there is an imperative need for a cumulative Act on wetland conservation in order to preserve these areas for future generations. BibliographyReferencesBC Environmental Assessment Act, (1994)BC Municipal Act, (1979)BC Park Act, (1996)BC Water Act, (1994)BC Wildlife Act, (1979)Federal Policy on Wetland Conservation, (1991)Federal Fisheries Act, (Updated, 1999)Nowlan, L. and B. Jeffries, 1996. Protecting British Columbias Wetlands: A Citizens Guide. West Coast Environmental Law Research Foundation and British Columbia Wetlands Network, Vancouver. 144 pp. Schiller, E. and S. Flanagan. 1997. Protecting Wetlands is good business for local governments. Public Management 79: 19-26Zoltai, S.C. 1988. Wetland Environments and Classification. pp. 1-53 In: C.D.A. Rubec (ed.) Wetlands of Canada. Polyscience, Montreal. 452 pp. Science Essays